TY - JOUR
T1 - 4-Aminoquinoline compounds from the Spanish flu to COVID-19
AU - Bazotte, Roberto Barbosa
AU - Hirabara, Sandro Massao
AU - Serdan, Tamires Afonso Duarte
AU - Gritte, Raquel Bragante
AU - Souza-Siqueira, Talita
AU - Gorjao, Renata
AU - Masi, Laureane Nunes
AU - Antunes, Marina Masetto
AU - Cruzat, Vinicius
AU - Pithon-Curi, Tania Cristina
AU - Curi, Rui
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors would like to thank Dr. Philip Newsholme, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, for revising the manuscript, and to Dr. Renato Padovese, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil , for the constant academic and finantial support. The authors acknowledge grants from Sao Paulo Research Foundation ( FAPESP, Brazil , grant IDs 2019/25936-5 and 2018/09868-7 ), Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel ( CAPES, Brazil , grant ID 88881.068515/2014-01 ), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development ( CNPq, Brazil , grant ID 303753/2015-3 ), Guggenheim Foundation ( GF, USA , grant ID John Simon Fellow 2008), and Pro-Rectory of Post-Graduate and Research of the Cruzeiro do Sul University ( PRPGP/Cruzeiro do Sul, Brazil , grant ID 2020 ).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 The Authors
Copyright:
Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/3
Y1 - 2021/3
N2 - In 1918, quinine was used as one of the unscientifically based treatments against the H1N1 virus during the Spanish flu pandemic. Originally, quinine was extracted from the bark of Chinchona trees by South American natives of the Amazon forest, and it has been used to treat fever since the seventeenth century. The recent COVID-19 pandemic caused by Sars-Cov-2 infection has forced researchers to search for ways to prevent and treat this disease. Based on the antiviral potential of two 4-aminoquinoline compounds derived from quinine, known as chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), clinical investigations for treating COVID-19 are being conducted worldwide. However, there are some discrepancies among the clinical trial outcomes.Thus, even after one hundred years of quinine use during the Spanish flu pandemic, the antiviral properties promoted by 4-aminoquinoline compounds remain unclear. The underlying molecular mechanisms by which CQ and HCQ inhibit viral replication open up the possibility of developing novel analogs of these drugs to combat COVID-19 and other viruses.
AB - In 1918, quinine was used as one of the unscientifically based treatments against the H1N1 virus during the Spanish flu pandemic. Originally, quinine was extracted from the bark of Chinchona trees by South American natives of the Amazon forest, and it has been used to treat fever since the seventeenth century. The recent COVID-19 pandemic caused by Sars-Cov-2 infection has forced researchers to search for ways to prevent and treat this disease. Based on the antiviral potential of two 4-aminoquinoline compounds derived from quinine, known as chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), clinical investigations for treating COVID-19 are being conducted worldwide. However, there are some discrepancies among the clinical trial outcomes.Thus, even after one hundred years of quinine use during the Spanish flu pandemic, the antiviral properties promoted by 4-aminoquinoline compounds remain unclear. The underlying molecular mechanisms by which CQ and HCQ inhibit viral replication open up the possibility of developing novel analogs of these drugs to combat COVID-19 and other viruses.
KW - Antiviral drugs
KW - Chloroquine
KW - Endosomal escape
KW - Hydroxychloroquine
KW - Lysosomotropic drugs
KW - Sars-CoV-2
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85098222787&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - https://doi.org/10.25905/21499185.v1
U2 - 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111138
DO - 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111138
M3 - Review article
C2 - 33360781
AN - SCOPUS:85098222787
SN - 0753-3322
VL - 135
JO - Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy
JF - Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy
M1 - 111138
ER -