Global, regional, and national burden of bone fractures in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Ai-Min Wu; Catherine Bisignano; Spencer L James; Gdiom Gebreheat Abady; Aidin Abedi; Eman Abu-Gharbieh; Robert Kaba Alhassan; Vahid Alipour; Jalal Arabloo; Malke Asaad; Wondwossen Niguse Asmare; Atalel Fentahun Awedew; Maciej Banach; Srikanta K Banerjee; Ali Bijani; Tesega Tesega Mengistu Birhanu; Srinivasa Rao Bolla; Luis Alberto Cámera; Jung-Chen Chang; Daniel Youngwhan Cho; Michael T Chung; Rosa A S Couto; Xiaochen Dai; Lalit Dandona; Rakhi Dandona; Farshad Farzadfar; Irina Filip; Florian Fischer; Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov; Tiffany K Gill; Bhawna Gupta; Juanita A Haagsma; Arvin Haj-Mirzaian; Samer Hamidi; Simon I Hay; Irena M Ilic; Milena D Ilic; Rebecca Q Ivers; Mikk Jürisson; Rohollah Kalhor; Tanuj Kanchan; Taras Kavetskyy; Rovshan Khalilov; Ejaz Ahmad Khan; Maseer Khan; Cameron J Kneib; Vijay Krishnamoorthy; G Anil Kumar; Narinder Kumar; Ratilal Lalloo; Savita Lasrado; Stephen S Lim; Zichen Liu; Ali Manafi; Navid Manafi; Ritesh G Menezes; Tuomo J Meretoja; Bartosz Miazgowski; Ted R Miller; Yousef Mohammad; Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani; Ali H Mokdad; Christopher J L Murray; Mehdi Naderi; Mukhammad David Naimzada; Vinod C Nayak; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Rajan Nikbakhsh; Andrew T Olagunju; Nikita Otstavnov; Stanislav S Otstavnov; Jagadish Rao Padubidri; Jeevan Pereira; Hai Quang Pham; Marina Pinheiro; Suzanne Polinder; Hadis Pourchamani; Navid Rabiee; Amir Radfar; Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman; David Laith Rawaf; Salman Rawaf; Mohammad Reza Saeb; Abdallah M Samy; Lidia Sanchez Riera; David C Schwebel; Saeed Shahabi; Masood Ali Shaikh; Amin Soheili; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone; Bach Xuan Tran; Ravensara S Travillian; Pascual R Valdez; Tommi Juhani Vasankari; Diana Zuleika Velazquez; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Giang Thu Vu; Zhi-Jiang Zhang; Theo Vos

doi:10.1016/S2666-7568(21)00172-0

Global, regional, and national burden of bone fractures in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Ai-Min Wu, Catherine Bisignano, Spencer L James, Gdiom Gebreheat Abady, Aidin Abedi, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Vahid Alipour, Jalal Arabloo, Malke Asaad, Wondwossen Niguse Asmare, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Maciej Banach, Srikanta K Banerjee, Ali Bijani, Tesega Tesega Mengistu Birhanu, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Luis Alberto Cámera, Jung-Chen Chang, Daniel Youngwhan ChoMichael T Chung, Rosa A S Couto, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Farshad Farzadfar, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov, Tiffany K Gill, Bhawna Gupta, Juanita A Haagsma, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Samer Hamidi, Simon I Hay, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Rebecca Q Ivers, Mikk Jürisson, Rohollah Kalhor, Tanuj Kanchan, Taras Kavetskyy, Rovshan Khalilov, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Maseer Khan, Cameron J Kneib, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, G Anil Kumar, Narinder Kumar, Ratilal Lalloo, Savita Lasrado, Stephen S Lim, Zichen Liu, Ali Manafi, Navid Manafi, Ritesh G Menezes, Tuomo J Meretoja, Bartosz Miazgowski, Ted R Miller, Yousef Mohammad, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Ali H Mokdad, Christopher J L Murray, Mehdi Naderi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Vinod C Nayak, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Andrew T Olagunju, Nikita Otstavnov, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Jeevan Pereira, Hai Quang Pham, Marina Pinheiro, Suzanne Polinder, Hadis Pourchamani, Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Abdallah M Samy, Lidia Sanchez Riera, David C Schwebel, Saeed Shahabi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Amin Soheili, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Bach Xuan Tran, Ravensara S Travillian, Pascual R Valdez, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Diana Zuleika Velazquez, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Giang Thu Vu, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Theo Vos

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Abstract

Summary Background Bone fractures are a global public health issue; however, to date, no comprehensive study of their incidence and burden has been done. We aimed to measure the global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) of fractures from 1990 to 2019. Methods Using the framework of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we compared numbers and age-standardised rates of global incidence, prevalence, and YLDs of fractures across the 21 GBD regions and 204 countries and territories, by age, sex, and year, from 1990 to 2019. We report estimates with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Findings Globally, in 2019, there were 178 million (95% UI 162–196) new fractures (an increase of 33·4% [30·1–37·0] since 1990), 455 million (428–484) prevalent cases of acute or long-term symptoms of a fracture (an increase of 70·1% [67·5–72·5] since 1990), and 25·8 million (17·8–35·8) YLDs (an increase of 65·3% [62·4–68·0] since 1990). The age-standardised rates of fractures in 2019 were 2296·2 incident cases (2091·1–2529·5) per 100 000 population (a decrease of 9·6% [8·1–11·1] since 1990), 5614·3 prevalent cases (5286·1–5977·5) per 100 000 population (a decrease of 6·7% [5·7–7·6] since 1990), and 319·0 YLDs (220·1–442·5) per 100 000 population (a decrease of 8·4% [7·2–9·5] since 1990). Lower leg fractures of the patella, tibia or fibula, or ankle were the most common and burdensome fracture in 2019, with an age-standardised incidence rate of 419·9 cases (345·8–512·0) per 100 000 population and an age-standardised rate of YLDs of 190·4 (125·0–276·9) per 100 000 population. In 2019, age-specific rates of fracture incidence were highest in the oldest age groups, with, for instance, 15 381·5 incident cases (11 245·3–20 651·9) per 100 000 population in those aged 95 years and older. Interpretation The global age-standardised rates of incidence, prevalence, and YLDs for fractures decreased slightly from 1990 to 2019, but the absolute counts increased substantially. Older people have a particularly high risk of fractures, and more widespread injury-prevention efforts and access to screening and treatment of osteoporosis for older individuals should help to reduce the overall burden. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Original language	English
Journal	The Lancet Healthy Longevity
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-7568(21)00172-0
Publication status	Published - 2021

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10.1016/S2666-7568(21)00172-0

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666756821001720

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Wu, A.-M., Bisignano, C., James, S. L., Abady, G. G., Abedi, A., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Alhassan, R. K., Alipour, V., Arabloo, J., Asaad, M., Asmare, W. N., Awedew, A. F., Banach, M., Banerjee, S. K., Bijani, A., Birhanu, T. T. M., Bolla, S. R., Cámera, L. A., Chang, J.-C., ... Vos, T. (2021). Global, regional, and national burden of bone fractures in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet Healthy Longevity. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-7568(21)00172-0

@article{45513f14c7e549e29bdbca7223aa9573,

title = "Global, regional, and national burden of bone fractures in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019",

abstract = "Summary Background Bone fractures are a global public health issue; however, to date, no comprehensive study of their incidence and burden has been done. We aimed to measure the global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) of fractures from 1990 to 2019. Methods Using the framework of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we compared numbers and age-standardised rates of global incidence, prevalence, and YLDs of fractures across the 21 GBD regions and 204 countries and territories, by age, sex, and year, from 1990 to 2019. We report estimates with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Findings Globally, in 2019, there were 178 million (95% UI 162–196) new fractures (an increase of 33·4% [30·1–37·0] since 1990), 455 million (428–484) prevalent cases of acute or long-term symptoms of a fracture (an increase of 70·1% [67·5–72·5] since 1990), and 25·8 million (17·8–35·8) YLDs (an increase of 65·3% [62·4–68·0] since 1990). The age-standardised rates of fractures in 2019 were 2296·2 incident cases (2091·1–2529·5) per 100 000 population (a decrease of 9·6% [8·1–11·1] since 1990), 5614·3 prevalent cases (5286·1–5977·5) per 100 000 population (a decrease of 6·7% [5·7–7·6] since 1990), and 319·0 YLDs (220·1–442·5) per 100 000 population (a decrease of 8·4% [7·2–9·5] since 1990). Lower leg fractures of the patella, tibia or fibula, or ankle were the most common and burdensome fracture in 2019, with an age-standardised incidence rate of 419·9 cases (345·8–512·0) per 100 000 population and an age-standardised rate of YLDs of 190·4 (125·0–276·9) per 100 000 population. In 2019, age-specific rates of fracture incidence were highest in the oldest age groups, with, for instance, 15 381·5 incident cases (11 245·3–20 651·9) per 100 000 population in those aged 95 years and older. Interpretation The global age-standardised rates of incidence, prevalence, and YLDs for fractures decreased slightly from 1990 to 2019, but the absolute counts increased substantially. Older people have a particularly high risk of fractures, and more widespread injury-prevention efforts and access to screening and treatment of osteoporosis for older individuals should help to reduce the overall burden. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.",

author = "Ai-Min Wu and Catherine Bisignano and James, {Spencer L} and Abady, {Gdiom Gebreheat} and Aidin Abedi and Eman Abu-Gharbieh and Alhassan, {Robert Kaba} and Vahid Alipour and Jalal Arabloo and Malke Asaad and Asmare, {Wondwossen Niguse} and Awedew, {Atalel Fentahun} and Maciej Banach and Banerjee, {Srikanta K} and Ali Bijani and Birhanu, {Tesega Tesega Mengistu} and Bolla, {Srinivasa Rao} and C{\'a}mera, {Luis Alberto} and Jung-Chen Chang and Cho, {Daniel Youngwhan} and Chung, {Michael T} and Couto, {Rosa A S} and Xiaochen Dai and Lalit Dandona and Rakhi Dandona and Farshad Farzadfar and Irina Filip and Florian Fischer and Fomenkov, {Artem Alekseevich} and Gill, {Tiffany K} and Bhawna Gupta and Haagsma, {Juanita A} and Arvin Haj-Mirzaian and Samer Hamidi and Hay, {Simon I} and Ilic, {Irena M} and Ilic, {Milena D} and Ivers, {Rebecca Q} and Mikk J{\"u}risson and Rohollah Kalhor and Tanuj Kanchan and Taras Kavetskyy and Rovshan Khalilov and Khan, {Ejaz Ahmad} and Maseer Khan and Kneib, {Cameron J} and Vijay Krishnamoorthy and Kumar, {G Anil} and Narinder Kumar and Ratilal Lalloo and Savita Lasrado and Lim, {Stephen S} and Zichen Liu and Ali Manafi and Navid Manafi and Menezes, {Ritesh G} and Meretoja, {Tuomo J} and Bartosz Miazgowski and Miller, {Ted R} and Yousef Mohammad and Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani and Mokdad, {Ali H} and Murray, {Christopher J L} and Mehdi Naderi and Naimzada, {Mukhammad David} and Nayak, {Vinod C} and Nguyen, {Cuong Tat} and Rajan Nikbakhsh and Olagunju, {Andrew T} and Nikita Otstavnov and Otstavnov, {Stanislav S} and Padubidri, {Jagadish Rao} and Jeevan Pereira and Pham, {Hai Quang} and Marina Pinheiro and Suzanne Polinder and Hadis Pourchamani and Navid Rabiee and Amir Radfar and Rahman, {Mohammad Hifz Ur} and Rawaf, {David Laith} and Salman Rawaf and Saeb, {Mohammad Reza} and Samy, {Abdallah M} and {Sanchez Riera}, Lidia and Schwebel, {David C} and Saeed Shahabi and Shaikh, {Masood Ali} and Amin Soheili and Rafael Tabar{\'e}s-Seisdedos and Tovani-Palone, {Marcos Roberto} and Tran, {Bach Xuan} and Travillian, {Ravensara S} and Valdez, {Pascual R} and Vasankari, {Tommi Juhani} and Velazquez, {Diana Zuleika} and Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian and Vu, {Giang Thu} and Zhi-Jiang Zhang and Theo Vos",

year = "2021",

doi = "10.1016/S2666-7568(21)00172-0",

language = "English",

journal = "The Lancet Healthy Longevity",

issn = "2666-7568",

}

Wu, A-M, Bisignano, C, James, SL, Abady, GG, Abedi, A, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Alhassan, RK, Alipour, V, Arabloo, J, Asaad, M, Asmare, WN, Awedew, AF, Banach, M, Banerjee, SK, Bijani, A, Birhanu, TTM, Bolla, SR, Cámera, LA, Chang, J-C, Cho, DY, Chung, MT, Couto, RAS, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Farzadfar, F, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fomenkov, AA, Gill, TK, Gupta, B, Haagsma, JA, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hamidi, S, Hay, SI, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Ivers, RQ, Jürisson, M, Kalhor, R, Kanchan, T, Kavetskyy, T, Khalilov, R, Khan, EA, Khan, M, Kneib, CJ, Krishnamoorthy, V, Kumar, GA, Kumar, N, Lalloo, R, Lasrado, S, Lim, SS, Liu, Z, Manafi, A, Manafi, N, Menezes, RG, Meretoja, TJ, Miazgowski, B, Miller, TR, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mokdad, AH, Murray, CJL, Naderi, M, Naimzada, MD, Nayak, VC, Nguyen, CT, Nikbakhsh, R, Olagunju, AT, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Padubidri, JR, Pereira, J, Pham, HQ, Pinheiro, M, Polinder, S, Pourchamani, H, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rahman, MHU, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Saeb, MR, Samy, AM, Sanchez Riera, L, Schwebel, DC, Shahabi, S, Shaikh, MA, Soheili, A, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tran, BX, Travillian, RS, Valdez, PR, Vasankari, TJ, Velazquez, DZ, Venketasubramanian, N, Vu, GT, Zhang, Z-J & Vos, T 2021, 'Global, regional, and national burden of bone fractures in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019', The Lancet Healthy Longevity. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-7568(21)00172-0

TY - JOUR

T1 - Global, regional, and national burden of bone fractures in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

AU - Wu, Ai-Min

AU - Bisignano, Catherine

AU - James, Spencer L

AU - Abady, Gdiom Gebreheat

AU - Abedi, Aidin

AU - Abu-Gharbieh, Eman

AU - Alhassan, Robert Kaba

AU - Alipour, Vahid

AU - Arabloo, Jalal

AU - Asaad, Malke

AU - Asmare, Wondwossen Niguse

AU - Awedew, Atalel Fentahun

AU - Banach, Maciej

AU - Banerjee, Srikanta K

AU - Bijani, Ali

AU - Birhanu, Tesega Tesega Mengistu

AU - Bolla, Srinivasa Rao

AU - Cámera, Luis Alberto

AU - Chang, Jung-Chen

AU - Cho, Daniel Youngwhan

AU - Chung, Michael T

AU - Couto, Rosa A S

AU - Dai, Xiaochen

AU - Dandona, Lalit

AU - Dandona, Rakhi

AU - Farzadfar, Farshad

AU - Filip, Irina

AU - Fischer, Florian

AU - Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich

AU - Gill, Tiffany K

AU - Gupta, Bhawna

AU - Haagsma, Juanita A

AU - Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin

AU - Hamidi, Samer

AU - Hay, Simon I

AU - Ilic, Irena M

AU - Ilic, Milena D

AU - Ivers, Rebecca Q

AU - Jürisson, Mikk

AU - Kalhor, Rohollah

AU - Kanchan, Tanuj

AU - Kavetskyy, Taras

AU - Khalilov, Rovshan

AU - Khan, Ejaz Ahmad

AU - Khan, Maseer

AU - Kneib, Cameron J

AU - Krishnamoorthy, Vijay

AU - Kumar, G Anil

AU - Kumar, Narinder

AU - Lalloo, Ratilal

AU - Lasrado, Savita

AU - Lim, Stephen S

AU - Liu, Zichen

AU - Manafi, Ali

AU - Manafi, Navid

AU - Menezes, Ritesh G

AU - Meretoja, Tuomo J

AU - Miazgowski, Bartosz

AU - Miller, Ted R

AU - Mohammad, Yousef

AU - Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah

AU - Mokdad, Ali H

AU - Murray, Christopher J L

AU - Naderi, Mehdi

AU - Naimzada, Mukhammad David

AU - Nayak, Vinod C

AU - Nguyen, Cuong Tat

AU - Nikbakhsh, Rajan

AU - Olagunju, Andrew T

AU - Otstavnov, Nikita

AU - Otstavnov, Stanislav S

AU - Padubidri, Jagadish Rao

AU - Pereira, Jeevan

AU - Pham, Hai Quang

AU - Pinheiro, Marina

AU - Polinder, Suzanne

AU - Pourchamani, Hadis

AU - Rabiee, Navid

AU - Radfar, Amir

AU - Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur

AU - Rawaf, David Laith

AU - Rawaf, Salman

AU - Saeb, Mohammad Reza

AU - Samy, Abdallah M

AU - Sanchez Riera, Lidia

AU - Schwebel, David C

AU - Shahabi, Saeed

AU - Shaikh, Masood Ali

AU - Soheili, Amin

AU - Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael

AU - Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto

AU - Tran, Bach Xuan

AU - Travillian, Ravensara S

AU - Valdez, Pascual R

AU - Vasankari, Tommi Juhani

AU - Velazquez, Diana Zuleika

AU - Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy

AU - Vu, Giang Thu

AU - Zhang, Zhi-Jiang

AU - Vos, Theo

PY - 2021

Y1 - 2021

N2 - Summary Background Bone fractures are a global public health issue; however, to date, no comprehensive study of their incidence and burden has been done. We aimed to measure the global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) of fractures from 1990 to 2019. Methods Using the framework of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we compared numbers and age-standardised rates of global incidence, prevalence, and YLDs of fractures across the 21 GBD regions and 204 countries and territories, by age, sex, and year, from 1990 to 2019. We report estimates with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Findings Globally, in 2019, there were 178 million (95% UI 162–196) new fractures (an increase of 33·4% [30·1–37·0] since 1990), 455 million (428–484) prevalent cases of acute or long-term symptoms of a fracture (an increase of 70·1% [67·5–72·5] since 1990), and 25·8 million (17·8–35·8) YLDs (an increase of 65·3% [62·4–68·0] since 1990). The age-standardised rates of fractures in 2019 were 2296·2 incident cases (2091·1–2529·5) per 100 000 population (a decrease of 9·6% [8·1–11·1] since 1990), 5614·3 prevalent cases (5286·1–5977·5) per 100 000 population (a decrease of 6·7% [5·7–7·6] since 1990), and 319·0 YLDs (220·1–442·5) per 100 000 population (a decrease of 8·4% [7·2–9·5] since 1990). Lower leg fractures of the patella, tibia or fibula, or ankle were the most common and burdensome fracture in 2019, with an age-standardised incidence rate of 419·9 cases (345·8–512·0) per 100 000 population and an age-standardised rate of YLDs of 190·4 (125·0–276·9) per 100 000 population. In 2019, age-specific rates of fracture incidence were highest in the oldest age groups, with, for instance, 15 381·5 incident cases (11 245·3–20 651·9) per 100 000 population in those aged 95 years and older. Interpretation The global age-standardised rates of incidence, prevalence, and YLDs for fractures decreased slightly from 1990 to 2019, but the absolute counts increased substantially. Older people have a particularly high risk of fractures, and more widespread injury-prevention efforts and access to screening and treatment of osteoporosis for older individuals should help to reduce the overall burden. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

AB - Summary Background Bone fractures are a global public health issue; however, to date, no comprehensive study of their incidence and burden has been done. We aimed to measure the global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) of fractures from 1990 to 2019. Methods Using the framework of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we compared numbers and age-standardised rates of global incidence, prevalence, and YLDs of fractures across the 21 GBD regions and 204 countries and territories, by age, sex, and year, from 1990 to 2019. We report estimates with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Findings Globally, in 2019, there were 178 million (95% UI 162–196) new fractures (an increase of 33·4% [30·1–37·0] since 1990), 455 million (428–484) prevalent cases of acute or long-term symptoms of a fracture (an increase of 70·1% [67·5–72·5] since 1990), and 25·8 million (17·8–35·8) YLDs (an increase of 65·3% [62·4–68·0] since 1990). The age-standardised rates of fractures in 2019 were 2296·2 incident cases (2091·1–2529·5) per 100 000 population (a decrease of 9·6% [8·1–11·1] since 1990), 5614·3 prevalent cases (5286·1–5977·5) per 100 000 population (a decrease of 6·7% [5·7–7·6] since 1990), and 319·0 YLDs (220·1–442·5) per 100 000 population (a decrease of 8·4% [7·2–9·5] since 1990). Lower leg fractures of the patella, tibia or fibula, or ankle were the most common and burdensome fracture in 2019, with an age-standardised incidence rate of 419·9 cases (345·8–512·0) per 100 000 population and an age-standardised rate of YLDs of 190·4 (125·0–276·9) per 100 000 population. In 2019, age-specific rates of fracture incidence were highest in the oldest age groups, with, for instance, 15 381·5 incident cases (11 245·3–20 651·9) per 100 000 population in those aged 95 years and older. Interpretation The global age-standardised rates of incidence, prevalence, and YLDs for fractures decreased slightly from 1990 to 2019, but the absolute counts increased substantially. Older people have a particularly high risk of fractures, and more widespread injury-prevention efforts and access to screening and treatment of osteoporosis for older individuals should help to reduce the overall burden. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

UR - https://doi.org/10.25905/21590124.v1

U2 - 10.1016/S2666-7568(21)00172-0

DO - 10.1016/S2666-7568(21)00172-0

M3 - Article

SN - 2666-7568

JO - The Lancet Healthy Longevity

JF - The Lancet Healthy Longevity

ER -

Global, regional, and national burden of bone fractures in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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