Multi-objective scheduling of IoT-enabled smart homes for energy management based on Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm: A Node-RED and NodeMCU module-based technique

The home energy management system (HEMS) based on advanced internet of things (IoT) technology has attracted the special attention of engineers in the field of smart grid (SG), which has the task of the demand side management (DSM) and helps to control the equality between demand and electricity supply. The main performance of HEMS is based on the optimal scheduling of home appliances because it manages power consumption by automatically controlling the loads and transferring them from peak hours to off-peak hours. This paper presents a multi-objective version of a newly introduced metaheuristic, called Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA) to discover optimal scheduling of the home appliances, which is called Multi-Objective Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (MOAOA). Furthermore, the HEMS architecture has been programmed based on the Raspberry Pi minicomputer with Node-RED and NodeMCU modules. HEMS uses the MOAOA algorithm to find the optimal schedule pattern to reduce daily electricity costs, reduce the peak to average ratio (PAR), and increase user comfort (UC). Real-time pricing (RTP) and critical peak pricing (CPP) signals are presumed as energy tariffs. Simulations are performed in two different scenarios: (I) appliance scheduling scheme and (II) appliance scheduling scheme with the integration of renewable energy sources (RES). The results of MOAOA are compared with Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO), Multi-Objective Gray Wolf Optimizer (MOGWO), and Multi-Objective Antlion optimization (MOALO) algorithms. The results demonstrate that the use of the presented scheme remarkably reduces the cost of electricity consumption as well as PAR, in addition to the integration of MOAOA with RES, which greatly increases user comfort.